Soil organic carbon (SOC) accrual depends on the balance between inputs from plant residues and stabilization processes versus losses through mineralization. Key biotic drivers include organic carbon chemistry and microbial community composition, while abiotic factors such as soil mineralogy, texture, and climate play critical roles in physical protection and chemical stabilization. Understanding these interactive controls is essential for enhancing carbon sequestration in terrestrial ecosystems. Our integrated research demonstrates that the interaction between biotic drivers (e.g., microbial efficiency) and abiotic conditions (e.g., mineral associations) is a primary determinant of SOC stabilization and turnover. These findings offer a mechanistic framework for predicting SOC dynamics and guiding effective land management strategies.